Word Formation

Суффиксы (Suffixes)

Существительные

-er – reader, traveller

-or – actor, visitor, collector, translator

-ist – artist, typist, pianist

-ment – development, agreement, development, government, amendment, judgment,

-tion – devotion, protection, extinction, information, attraction, education, distraction, protection, pollution, competition, decoration, exploration, collection, translation, population, cooperation, production, declaration

-sion – decision  

-y – discovery

-ence – existence, independence/dependence

-ance – appearance, disappearance,

-ing – building, painting, melting

-ledge – knowledge

-ative – representative

-al – survival

-(t)ure – creature, mixture  

-ness – freshness, whiteness, politeness, happiness, illness, business, calmness, carefulness/carelessness, helpfulness/helplessness, uselessness/usefulness, weakness, darkness, ugliness,

-ity – nationality, quality, humanity, fragility, popularity, possibility

-ty – safety

-age – shortage, advantage, disadvantage

-th – warmth, length, strength, width, depth

Наречия

-ly – daily, clearly, badly, fluently, exactly, kindly, wickedly, politely, seriously, definitely, regularly, quietly, easily, personally 

Исключения: hard – прилагательное, hard – наречие («тяжело, упорно, усиленно»)

                     hardly – меняется значение слова («едва ли»)

                     fast – и прилагательное, и наречие имеют одну форму

Прилагательные

-ful –   useful,   helpful,  careful,  colourful,  harmful, wonderful, beautiful, forgetful, peaceful

-less – useless, helpless, careless, colourless, harmless, endless, waterless, airless, homeless

-al – industrial, cultural, agricultural, traditional, national, personal, social, practical

-ous – prosperous, dangerous, poisonous, disastrous, famous, mysterious

-y – mighty, foggy, misty, sunny, rainy, snowy, windy,

-able – washable, respectable, movable, imaginable, changeable, forgettable/unforgettable, countable/uncountable, likeable,

-ing/-ed (V₃) – touching/touched, endangered, striking, pleased, interesting/interested, exciting(-ed), boring/bored, unknown

-esque – picturesque

-ive – attractive, positive, negative, creative

Глаголы

-ize – specialize, realize (Am. E.) / realise (Br. E.)  

Приставки (Prefixes)

Отрицательные

un-   undefeated, unusual, unimportant, unhappy, unreal, unkind, uncomfortable, unknown, uninteresting(ed), unkind, unfriendly, unfortunately, uneasy, unimportant, unfinished, uncountable, uncomfortable

in-  invisible, inexpensive, informal

im- (+ p, m) – impossible, impolite

ir- (+r)  - irregular

dis – disadvantage, dislike, disinformation, disappear/disappearance, disappointed, disagree/disagreement

Образование глаголов

en-  endanger

одно слово – разные части речи

N -> V

dump – to dump ruin – to ruin damage – to damage heat – to heat poison – to poison

use – to use help – to help play – to play test – to test tower – to tower

forecast – to forecast influence – to influence support – to support But: advice – to advise

Adj -> V

warm – to warm dry – to dry

calm – to calm pale – to pale

clear – to clear